The Case For Euthanasia Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Essays

The Case for Euthanasia: Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legalized? Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a "persistent vegetative state" or PVS from which they cannot voice their wishes for continuation or termination of life, the question becomes whether or not the patient has the freedom to choose whether or not to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. In answer to this question, proponents of physician-assisted suicide, most notably, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, are of the opinion that not only should patients be able to abstain from treatment, but if they have a terminal and/or extremely painful condition, they should be able to seek out the assistance of a doctor in order to expedite their death with as little pain as possible. Contained herein are the arguments for and against the legalization of doctor-assisted suicide, as well as where the state courts stand in respect to this most delicate of issues. In the hopes of clarification, we must first distinguish between active and passive euthanasia. Passive euthanasia involves the patient's refusal of medical assistance. It involves the right to die which is protected by the United States Constitution clauses of due process liberty and the right to privacy (Fourteenth Amendment). The right to doctor-assisted suicide, or active euthanasia, consists of, "...a patient's right to authorize a physician to perform an act that intentionally results in the patient's death, without the physician's being held civilly or criminally liable for having caused the death" . The "passive" form of euthanasia was first deemed legal by the New Jersey State Supreme Court in 1976 In re Quinlan . In the Quinlan case, the court allowed a competent patient to terminate the use of life-sustaining medical machines to prolong life. Since New Jersey's decision, all fifty states have enacted similar statutes which contain living will provisions. However, although the United States Supreme Court upheld the Quinlan decision in re Cruzan , it changed the parameters of passive euthanasia . With the Cruzan decision, the Supreme Court held that passive euthanasia was legal but only for competent adults or those who are incompetent but have previously procured a living will. However, if the patient is without a living will and incompetent, it becomes the burden of the family to prove that there is "clear and convincing evidence" to the affect that the patient does not want to continue living in a vegetative state. As to active euthanasia, there has been no Supreme Court ruling determining whether the right to die, as understood in passive euthanasia cases, can be bound over to active euthanasia. The decision is thus left to the individual states. Currently, thirty-one states have criminalized explicitly the act of assisted suicide . Physician-assisted suicide is generally recognized as illegal under the parameters of homicide, however it is very difficult to meet all of the elements of the crime and conviction subsequently becomes nearly impossible. The fact that the U.S. Supreme Court has not reviewed a physician-assisted suicide case, which would create precedent, constitutes a dilemma for the state courts in that there is no uniform test or ruling by which to decide. Most states have developed their own laws to, more often than not, make doctor-assisted suicide illegal. However, when a case comes to trial it is usually dismissed either by the judge in a pretrial motion or by the jury. For example, in at least three of the assisted suicides which Dr. Kevorkian was involved in, all criminal charges were dismissed. So, the laws have been created, but when it comes to convicting a doctor and sending him to prison, in lieu of the circumstances, the law often breaks down and the charges are dismissed or the doctor is acquitted. In the case of the nineteen states which have not delineated the criminality of doctor-assisted suicide, the issue becomes less clear. Many of these states have a hard time grouping physician-assisted suicide with homicide. The case which Michigan judges cite in refusing this linkage of criminality is the People of the State of Michigan v. Campbell . In the Campbell case, the "court found that 'the term suicide excludes by definition a homicide'" . Since, suicide is not a homicide, then an assisted suicide cannot be deemed a homicide. At the time of the appellate courts hearing of the Campbell appeal, there was no other codified law expressing what crime an assisted suicide would fall

The Relationship between Unilateralism and Multiculturalism essays

The Relationship between Unilateralism and Multiculturalism essays The Relationship between Unilateralism and Multiculturalism in the United States Foreign Policy Now that the world has gone into the 21st century, the theme of globalism and world peace has become stronger than ever before. The world has become a smaller place with the inventions of fast transportation and fast communication such as telephones and internet. There has never been a better chance to unite the world. Instead, as years pass by, the world is facing deeper and deeper separation because of one superpower that seems as if it is going to take over the world in the near future. Why is this happening? The answer is unilateralism and multiculturalism in the U.S. society and the government. Unilateralism being the doctrine a nation should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations, and multiculturalism being the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can co-exist peacefully and equitably in a single country. In this report, I would like to write about the relationship between the unilateralism and the multiculturalism that lies in the U.S. government and how it affects the world. Since the Cold War conclusion, American unilateralism has become evident. The terminology of unilateralism was started being used from the time of the Clinton administration, relating to the circumstance that America reigned in worldwide politics as a superpower. Although unilateralism existed in the Clinton administration, they were more concerned about the cooperative relationship with the ally countries so the thought of unilateralism did not reach up to where it is now. When the Bush administration appeared, it reached to the point where unilateralism was pursued extensively. This became the American basis principle which said for America to assemble all policies based on its self-interests, and with this, the relationship with its allies was going to be...